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Showing posts with label of. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

Morpheus God of Dreams Greek Mythology Names

Morpheus, the son of Hypnus, was the god of Dreams.
He is always represented winged, and appears sometimes as a youth, sometimes as an old man. In his hand he bears a cluster of poppies, and as he steps with noiseless footsteps over the earth, he gently scatters the seeds of this sleep-producing plant over the eyes of weary mortals.

Homer describes the House of Dreams as having two gates: one, whence issue all deceptive and flattering visions, being formed of ivory; the other, through which proceed those dreams which are fulfilled, of horn.

Text:
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Author: E.M. Berens
Published: 1880

The Project Gutenberg EBook
Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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Medical specialists List of medical careers

Medical specialists are medical professionals who have knowledge, education, and training in a particular field of medicine.
In the following lists are presented some types of medical specialists and their areas of expertise.

List of medical careers

Allergist - What Does an Allergist Do?

Area of expertise: Treatment of allergies

Anesthesiologist - What Does an Anesthesiologist Do?

Area of expertise: Administration of anesthetics for surgery

Cardiologist - What does a Cardiologist do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the heart and circulatory system

Pulmonary Specialist - What is a Pulmonary Specialist?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the lungs and chest

Dermatologist - What Does a Dermatologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of skin, hair, and nails

Emergency Medicine Specialist

Area of expertise: Emergency treatment of acute illnesses and injuries

Epidemiologist - What Does an Epidemiologist Do?

Area of expertise: Causes, transmission, and control of infectious diseases

Family Physician - What is Family Physician?

Area of expertise: Ongoing health care for persons of all ages

Gastroenterologist - What do Gastroenterologists Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the digestive system

General Surgeon - What do General Surgeons Do?

Area of expertise: Surgical treatment of diseases of the abdomen, breast, and other areas

Gynecologist - What Does a Gynecologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the female reproductive organs

Hematologist - What Does a Hematologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and lymph tissues

Internist - What is Internal Medicine Doctor?

Area of expertise: Nonsurgical treatment of diseases of the internal organs

Nephrologist - What Does a Nephrologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the kidney

Neurologist - What Does a Neurologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the brain and nervous system

Neurosurgeon - What Does a Neurosurgeon Do?

Area of expertise: Surgical treatment of diseases of the brain and spinal cord 

Obstetrician - What Does an Obstetrician Do?

Area of expertise: Health care for pregnancy, labor, and childbirth

Oncologist - What Does an Oncologist Do?

Area of expertise: Treatment of cancer

Ophthalmologist - What Does an Ophthalmologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the eye

Orthopedist - What Does an Orthopedist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the bones, joints, and muscles

Otolaryngologist - What Does a Otolaryngologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and neck

Pathologist - What Does a Pathologist Do?

Area of expertise: Study of biopsy specimens and body fluids

Pediatrician - What Does a Pediatrician Do?

Area of expertise: Health care of infants, children, and adolescents

Physiatrist - What Does a Psychiatrist Do?

Area of expertise: Rehabilitation of patients following illness or injury

Plastic Surgeon - What Does a Plastic Surgeon Do?

Area of expertise: Cosmetic surgery and surgical reconstruction

Podiatrist - What Does a Podiatrist Do?

Area of expertise: Disorders of the foot

Proctologist - What Does a Proctologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the anus, rectum, and colon

Psychiatrist - What Does a Psychiatrist Do?

Area of expertise: Treatment of mental disorders

Radiologist - What Does a Radiologist Do?

Area of expertise: Study of X ray and ultrasound

Rheumatologist - What Does a Rheumatologist Do?

Area of expertise: Treatment of rheumatic diseases

Urologist - What Does a Urologist Do?

Area of expertise: Diseases of the urinary tract and the male reproductive organs

Vascular Surgeon - What Does a Vascular Surgeon Do?

Area of expertise: Surgical treatment of diseases of blood vessels


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FACTORS CONTROLLING EXCHANGE OF GASES IN ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES

Intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide by blood passing through capillaries of alveoli is brought about by the following factors.

Difference in partial pressure of gases:

Diffusion of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out occurs because of difference in partial pressure of these gases.

Thin layers of capillaries:

Within the rich network of capillaries surrounding the alveoli, blood is distributed in extremely thin layers

Exposure to large alveolar surface:

Blood in capillaries is exposed to large alveolar surface.

Separation by thin membranes:

Blood in the lungs is separated from the alveolar air by extremely thin membranes of the capillaries and alveoli. 
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BENEFITS OF CROP ROTATION

The land that we need for growing food is very important. We cant afford to spoil it. There are many ways in which farmers could make better use of the land and grow good crops without the help of factory-made chemicals.
If it is farmed with care, the land will go on giving us enough food to eat for thousands of years to come.
One method of careful farming is called crop rotation.
Different kinds of plants take different nutrients from the soil and leave others behind. The same crop planted year after year takes out the same nutrients.
But different crops, like corn and alfalfa, can be planted on the same piece of land.
One year, corn is planted. This will take out certain nutrients from the soil. The following year, alfalfa will be planted. The alfalfa will put back the nutrients absorbed by the corn.

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Tuesday, March 17, 2015

Diagram of Lungs


Images gallery of diagram of lungs





Diagram of the Lungs Tutorvista


Diagram of the Lungs Tutorvista


Introduction to diagram of the lungs. Lungs are large cone shaped organs located either side of the heart and human has two lungs, a right and a left and are not



Lung Diagram Pictures Photos Images of Biology Science for Kids


Lung Diagram Pictures Photos Images of Biology Science for Kids


Find free pictures, photos, diagrams, images and information related to a wide range of different biology topics right here at Science Kids. Photo name: Lung Diagram



The Lungs Human Anatomy Picture Function Definition Conditions


The Lungs Human Anatomy Picture Function Definition Conditions


WebMDs Lungs Anatomy Page provides a detailed image and definition of the lungs. Learn about lung function, problems, location in the body, and more.



Label Lungs Diagram Printout EnchantedLearning


Label Lungs Diagram Printout EnchantedLearning


Label Lungs Anatomy Diagram Printout. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site



Lungs Respiratory System of the Chest


Lungs  Respiratory System of the Chest


The respiratory system in the upper abdomen and chest area is where the intake of oxygen from the nose and mouth ends and is processed by the lungs. The human body



Human lung


Human lung


Detailed diagram of the lungs. Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs. Human systems and organs. TA 2–4: MS: Skeletal system. Bone. Carpus; Collar bone (clavicle) Thigh



Lungs Diagram Patient.co.uk Health Information Advice


Lungs Diagram Patient.co.uk Health Information  Advice


change remove Image : i30_l.jpg [Align : None ] None Left Right



Lungs Diagram Human Lungs Diagrams Osovo New Pictures


Lungs Diagram Human Lungs Diagrams Osovo New Pictures


Lungs Diagram - Human Lungs Diagrams Lungs Diagram - Human Lungs Diagrams A simple, nice, clear diagram showing you the lungs of human beings. The diagram is useful



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The Definition Of Bacteria


HUMAN BODY SYSTEM DIAGRAM :

Lately I keep hearing so many things about bacteria. Patients getting sick or dying in hospitals, children becoming ill at school and even your vacation can be ruined if youre in the wrong hotel or cruise at the wrong time. Youve more than likely heard the recent news that potentially deadly, drug-resistant staph infections are on the rise, according to a study published in JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association). The study reports that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are more common both in and out of hospitals than experts once thought. Schools nationwide are reporting outbreaks of Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Some of them are MRSA infections, which has recently caused two student deaths.



The Definition Of Bacteria

A lot of us are so consumed by fear that weve become bacteriophobic (fear of bacteria)? Modern day pollution has greatly increased the presence of bacteria in the air we breathe. This bacterium is the cause of many diseases and with this, there are many people who today find it rather uncomfortable to touch things or go to places for fear of getting contaminated.


The definition of bacteria are tiny, micro organisms that get nutrients from their environments in order to live. In some cases that environment is a human body. Bacteria can reproduce outside of the body or within as they cause infections. Some of the infections they cause include sore throats (tonsillitis or strep throat), ear or urinary tract infections, cavities, and pneumonia. But not all bacteria are bad. Some bacteria are good for our bodies - they help keep things in balance. Good bacteria live in our intestines and help us use the nutrients in the food we eat and make waste from whats left over. We couldnt make the most of a healthy meal without these important helper germs! Some bacteria are also used by scientists in labs to produce medicines and vaccines.

Theyre all around us. Theyre in the air we breath, the water we drink and on everything we touch. So basically you cant avoid it. But you can limit your exposure to the bad bacteria. Starting with rigorous hygiene and cleanliness. Its impossible to sanitize the great outdoors but we could make a safe haven out of our own home. Properly wash your hands. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say that proper washing of hands is one of the best ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as colds, diarrhea, and hepatitis.

First off you want to wash your hands after using the bathroom, picking up after a pet, changing a baby, taking out the garbage, coughing and sneezing, and handling raw foods. Wash your hands before cooking, eating, and tending to infants, elders, or the sick whose immune systems are compromised. Wash your hands before putting on contact lenses or applying any type of medication.

Use soap and warm water and scrub your hands (especially under the fingernails) up to the wrists, for no less than 15 seconds. Then rinse thoroughly and dry well with warm air or clean towels

The kitchen is considered a danger zone and haven of harmful bacteria primarily because this is where we handle raw foods and stow leftovers and food scraps. Aside from the germs that thrive on decaying foodstuff, disease-carrying bacteria can spread in the kitchen from raw meats and fresh produce that come from contaminated facilities and processing.

There is an estimated 76 million cases of food-borne disease occur each year in the United States, passed around through cross-contamination of infected meats, produce, and food processing handlers.

The following are ways to keep your kitchen safe from disease-spreading bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Refrigerate or freeze foods immediately, microbes multiply rapidly in warm and moist conditions. Dont let your produce thaw out on the counter over night. Thaw them out in their own container in the refrigerator so they cant cross contaminate any other foods. Refrigerate leftovers that will not be consumed within the next four hours. Prevent cross-contamination -- designate cutting boards, knives, and utensils for use with raw foods, and be sure to wash them thoroughly with a disinfectant after use. Remember to wash your hands, too. Disinfect kitchen sponges, dishcloths, and hand towels. Include sponges in the dishwasher; bleach dishcloths and kitchen towels with the laundry. Use paper towels to help wipe off germ-infested surfaces. Follow up with a disinfectant detergent or cleaner. If you use these tips you should be able to limit your exposure to harmful bacteria.




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Sunday, March 15, 2015

Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium





Vestibular Apparatus
The vestibular apparatus, is the sensory organ for detecting sensations of equilibrium.
It is encased in a system of bony tubes and chambers located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, called the bony labyrinth.Within this system are membranous tubes and chambers called the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is the functional part of the vestibular apparatus It is composed mainly of the cochlea (ductus cochlearis); three semicircular canals; and two large chambers, the utricle and saccule. The cochlea is the major sensory organ for hearing and has little to do with equilibrium. However, the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule are all integral parts of the equilibrium mechanism.


Function of the Utricle and Saccule in the Maintenance of Static Equilibrium
It is especially important that the hair cells are all oriented in different directions in the maculae of the utricles and saccules, so that with different positions of the head, different hair cells become stimulated.The “patterns” of stimulation of the different hair cells apprise the brain of the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity. In turn, the vestibular, cerebellar,
and reticular motor nerve systems of the brain excite appropriate postural muscles to maintain proper equilibrium.This utricle and saccule system functions extremely effectively for maintaining equilibrium when the head is in the near-vertical position. Indeed, a person
can determine as little as half a degree of dysequilibrium when the body leans from the precise upright position.

“Predictive” Function of the Semicircular Duct System in the Maintenance of Equilibrium.
Because the semicircular ducts do not detect that the body is off balance in the forward direction, in the side direction, or in the backward direction, one might ask:What is the semicircular ducts’ function in the maintenance of equilibrium? All they detect is that the person’s head is beginning
or stopping to rotate in one direction or another. Therefore, the function of the semicircular ducts is not to maintain static equilibrium or to maintain equilibrium during steady directional or rotational movements. Yet loss of function of the semicircular ducts does cause a person to have poor equilibrium when attempting to perform rapid, intricate changing body movements.
We can explain the function of the semicircular ducts best by the following illustration: If a person is running forward rapidly and then suddenly begins to turn to one side, he or she will fall off balance a fraction of a second later unless appropriate corrections are made ahead of time. But the maculae of the utricle and saccule cannot detect that he or she is off balance
until after this has occurred. The semicircular ducts,however, will have already detected that the person is turning, and this information can easily apprise the central nervous system of the fact that the person will fall off balance within the next fraction of a second or so unless some anticipatory correction is made.
In other words, the semicircular duct mechanism predicts that dysequilibrium is going to occur and thereby causes the equilibrium centers to make appropriate anticipatory preventive adjustments. In this way, the person need not fall off balance at all before he or she begins to correct the situation.
Removal of the flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum prevents normal detection of semicircular duct signals but has less effect on detecting macular signals.
It is especially interesting that the cerebellum serves as a “predictive” organ for most rapid movements of the body, as well as for those having to do with equilibrium.
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Ancient Race of Giants Found in Mexico


Ancient Race of Giants Uncovered in Sonora Mexico



Mexico
New York Times, December 2, 1930
Mining Engineer Tells of Discovery in Sonara by Laborers Digging in Cemetery

Tuscon, Ariz., Dec. 1 (AP)- Discovery of apparent remains of a race of giants has been made at Sayopa, Sonara, a mining town 300 miles south of the Mexican border.
J.E. Coker, a mining engineer, reports that laborers clearing ranch land near the Yaqui River dug into an old cemetery where bodies of men, averaging eight feet in height, were buried tier on tier.The heads of the skeletons, Coker said, were especially large. Carved native stone bracelets were found on the bones. Beside the bodies, the crudest kind of stone weapons and implements were buried.
After the first skeleton was unearthed owners of the ranch redoubled efforts to excavate in the cemetery.
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Wednesday, March 11, 2015

Labeled Diagram Of A Human Blood Cell

ear labeling-www.biologycorner.com
ear labeling

the most widespread species of human-infecting schistosomes. Their first step was to look for actively dividing cells in the parasites. To do this, they grew worms in culture and added tags that would label newly replicated DNA as cells prepare to divide A team of Japanese researchers has created the first functioning human organ, a liver, from induced pluripotent stem cells had labeled the cells with fluorescent proteins, which helped them monitor the buds for formation of blood vessels. A diarrhea-causing parasite latches onto human cells and nibbles The scientists fluorescently labeled the membranes of human immune cells. They then observed as amoebae attached to the cells and then bit away and engulfed tiny membrane fragments Recently there has been a lot of reporting about the use of cells from aborted labels on their products. Labels that inform both medical professionals and consumers that these products were made possible by the taking of innocent human life. Diagram of the brain of a person The problem comes about due to the blood-brain barrier—natures way of preventing pathogens from getting into the central nervous system—its a layer of cells that line the insides of capillaries that only allow The blood blood cells only had the A form. We inferred that the B form was key to splitting the stem cells in an asymmetric way that kept the B form only in the stem cell.” With these myosins as their top candidate, the researchers labeled key .

Repopulation of human pulmonary epithelium by bone marrow cells: a potential means to promote repair. Tissue Eng 2005;11:1115-1121. Fine A. Marrow cells as progenitors of lung tissue. Blood Cells Mol include a label retaining subset and are critical In a study published in Nature Medicine, investigators at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Center for Systems Biology (CSB) demonstrate that microvesicles shed by brain cancer cells can be reliably detected in human blood through a combination of Writing in the journal Nature Methods, Lanzas team said they found a way to grow and differentiate human embryonic stem cells without using culture. They directed the stem cells into becoming what they believe are hemangioblasts, the blood vessel And by definition, a stem cell renews itself, keeping things going. A New Type of Stem Cell Human amniotic fluid stem cells treated with valproic the set of active genes with hES cells. A Venn diagram is a good way to sort out what the different .


Another Picture of Labeled Diagram Of A Human Blood Cell :



The NIH computer had issues, soI will get my full blood work numbers -2.bp.blogspot.com
The NIH computer had issues, soI will get my full blood work numbers

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelial membrane. This is a
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelial membrane. This is a
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Tuesday, March 10, 2015

Olive Oil can prevent the risk of stroke

Elderly people who consume olive oil have a lower risk of stroke than those who did not drink, researchers said in a study released on Wednesday (15/6) in the United States.

Olive Oil can prevent the risk of stroke


Some scientists at the National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Bordeaux, France, following the development of the 7625 French people aged 65 years and above, of the three major cities - Bordeaux, Dijon and Montpellier - for five years.

During the study, there were 148 people who had a stroke. Research object is divided into several groups according to their actions using olive oil, from people who do not use them at all until they are used in serving food, cooking and baking.

When the researchers adjusted for factors such as body weight, physical activity and food overall, they found they were called olive oil users "intensive" had a 41 percent lower risk of having a stroke than those who never consume olive oil.


"Our research shows a new series of food advice should be issued to prevent stroke in people aged 65 years and above," said the studys lead author, Cecilia Samieri, as reported by AFP.

Meanwhile, Dr. Nikolaos Scarmeas, a neurologist at Columbia University Medical Center in New York who wrote an editorial published with the study, said: "We need to remember this is an observational study."

The study found an association between the use of olive oil by humans and they face the risk of stroke, says Scarmeas told Reuters Health, which monitored ANTARA here on Thursday. But, he said, it does not necessarily translate into causality.

"People who consume olive oil may be very different from people who do not use it," said Scarmeas. Users olive oil, for example, may have higher incomes, eat better overall or more exercise than those who never consume olive oil.

The researchers in the new study, led by Cecilia Samieri, tried to account for that difference. And once they did, it proved oil zaitu linked to lower risk of stroke.

But Scarmeas said that was unlikely to fully account for all the variables. What is needed, he says, is a clinical trial, the object of study were randomly assigned to use olive oil or not, then followed its development from time to time to see who suffered a stroke.

Such clinical trials are seen as the "gold standard" of medical evidence.

"Stroke is common among older people and olive oil would be an easy and inexpensive way to help prevent it," said Cecilia Samieri.

The findings are published in the journal Media American Academy of Neurology, "Neurology".
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Monday, March 9, 2015

Native Americans Supress Photo of a Giant Human Skeleton Removed from a West Virginia Burial Mound

Native Americans Supress Photos of a Giant Human Skeleton Removed from a West Virginia Burial Mound


A large skeleton over 7 feet in height was removed from the Cresap mound, but new laws against displaying "Native American" remains, helps American Indians and academia to restrict the true origins of the Adena from being proven.
Current laws would warrant that even if you have a photo of a giant human skeleton, it is illegal to publish it! 


Mounds For the Dead, Dragoo, 1963
 Description of a large skeleton at the Cresap Mound
    " Measurements taken of the skeleton while still i the grave indicated an individual approximately 7.2 inches tall....In all respects the Cresap Mound skeletal material conforms to the physical type of the Kentucky and Ohio Adena....

The Adena People, by Webb and Snow 1974

It was a 19-foot high conical mound with a 70-foot diameter. The remainder of this unusual skeleton was completely preserved and lying on its back with its legs bowed as if it was riding a horse. This particular skeleton, labeled B.54 in Pit F.28 in the above drawing made by Dragoo, was large. Dragoo reported, “This individual was of large proportions. When measured in the tomb his length was approximately 7.04 feet. All of the long bones were heavy and possessed marked eminences for the attachment of muscles.” Dragoo published a photo of the actual skeleton, however, i it is  now illegal to republish photos of skeletons known to have links to Native Americans, even though no links to the Adena and any known Indian population has been proven. 


Excerpt from Webb and Snow Adena describing the large skeletons found in the Oho Valley.
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The Real Cause of Infertility

Infertility can be defined in two ways: as inability to conceive after a year of regular sexual intercourse without contraception, or as repeated ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages or perinatal loss. Male and female specific factors account for about 30% of the infertility causes (individually);the combination of male and female causation leads to an additional 20% and the remaining 20% are caused by uncertain origins.

When one is dealing with infertility, as much as it is important to strictly follow the rules of the treatment, it is equally important to make sure that you have the correct diagnosis of the root cause of your condition. In this article you will find a broad outline, enumerating the various probable causes of infertility.

Why it is important to determine the causes.

Infertility may be caused due to a multitude of factors at a time, or it may be the result of perhaps the deviation of a certain single factor from its premeditated path. Since misdiagnosis can often lead to further fertility complications, the very first step of treating and curing infertility depends largely on indentifying the root cause right in the beginning of treatment.

The broad causes of infertility in females may be listed as follows:

. Anovulation: In females, ovulatory problems are the most common causes of infertility. The failure to ovulate may be due to a number of factors:

o Hormonal imbalance is the most frequent cause of anovulation; when the ovaries produce immature eggs, pregnancy becomes impossible.

o Women with polycystic ovaries suffer from a decreased secretion of FSH and increased secretion of LH and testosterone; therefore polycystic ovarian syndrome may lead to anovulation in women.

o Approximately 20% of the cases of infertility occur due to the malfunctioning of the hypothalamus, the gland which controls hormonal stimuli, resulting in immature eggs. The pituitary gland is responsible for the regulation of LH and FSH, and its malfunctioning produces immature eggs.

o Damage to the ovaries caused by previous surgeries, ovarian cysts, tumors and infections may lead to production of immature eggs as well.

o Premature menopause and follicular problems are also responsible for anovulation.

. Improper functioning of fallopian tubes: Viral and bacterial infections of the fallopian tubes are the primary cause of their malfunction.

Appendicitis and colitis are abdominal problems which lead to blockage of the fallopian tubes. Tubal damages may also be caused by previous surgeries, which render the tubes incapable of passing eggs. Ectopic pregnancy, which occurs within the tube, is a potential threat to life that also causes tubal damage. Congenital tubal defects are rare, but not impossible to come across as causes of infertility.

. Use of drugs: Smoking, drinking and using other drugs have been known to decrease the chances of getting pregnant.

. Problems in the Immune system: This problem includes autoimmune reactions in the body and the creation of antisperm antibodies which exterminate sperms. Natural killer cells, which when present in excess, can damage the embryo in the uterus. The antinuclear antibodies cause inflammation of the uterus when present in excess. The presence of antisperm antibodies in the females body kills off the sperms before they can fertilize the egg.

Although the causes of infertility are many, they are fairly easy to overcome, especially when diagnosed in the early stages. Using a holistic approach, comprising of the prescribed medicines, following a healthy diet, regular exercise, abstinence from alcohol, nicotine and other drugs, stress management, acupuncture etc. guarantees positive results. Due to the complex and multifactoral nature of infertility, the problem can be solved permanently only by dealing with it in the holistic way, which tackles all the root causes of this condition rather than focusing on specific triggering elements.


This article is based on the book, "Pregnancy Miracle" by Lisa Olson. Lisa is an author, researcher, nutritionist and health consultant who dedicated her life to creating the ultimate pregnancy solution guaranteed to permanently reverse the root of infertility, help you get pregnant quickly and naturally and dramatically improve the overall quality of your life,  without the use prescription medication and without any surgical procedures. Learn more by visiting her website:Click Here!
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Native American Legends of the Woolly Mammoth

Native American Legends of the Woolly Mammothy

In the carving, we have the most interesting mammoth picture in existence; not a mere drawing of the animal itself, but a picture of primitive life, in which the mammoth takes a conspicuous part in the actions and thoughts of man, --a carving made with a bone or flint instrument upon a tablet of slate at least four hundred years ago,--the hairy elephant, drawn in unmistakable outline, and attacked by human beings,--a battle-scene which thrills our imagination, and the importance of which the ancient draughtsman magnifies by the introduction of the symbols of his religion, the sun, moon, and stars, and the lightning alone powerful to overthrow the great enemy.


      IN the spring of 1872, eight years after the discovery of the famous mammoth carving in the cave of La Madeleine, Perigord, France, Barnard Hansell, a young farmer, while ploughing on his fathers farm, four miles and a half east of Doylestown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, saw, to use his own words, a "queer stone" lying on the surface of the ground, and close to the edge of the new furrow. The plough had just missed turning it under. He stopped and picked it up; it was the larger piece of the fractured "gorget stone," in fig. 1, (frontispiece). By wetting his thumb and rubbing it he could see strange lines and a carving representing an animal like an elephant, but without troubling his boyish head much about it, he carried it several days in his pocket, and finally locked it up in his chest, where, along with his other relics, arrowheads, spear-points, axes, and broken banner stones, thrown in from time to time as he found them on the farm, it remained until the spring of 1881.

     That the mammoth had survived into the time of the Indian can hardly be doubted. Early travelers had frequently seen its bones at the "Big-Bone Licks" in Kentucky, whether the huge animals had come, like the deer and buffalo of modern times, to lick the salt. The great bones often seemed hardly older than those of the modern animals with which they were mingled, and, judging from their position along the modern buffalo-trails through the forest, it seems that the latter animals had followed the ancient tracks of the mammoth to and from the licks.
     Not a few of these early travelers thought it worth their while to question the Indians about the huge bones and note down their answers. Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," devotes several pages to the subject. He even believes the mammoth to be still in existence in his time in some remote part of the American continent. He tells the story of a Mr. Stanley, who, "taken prisoner by the Indians near the mouth of the Tanissee," relates that "after being transferred through several tribes from one to another, he was at length carried over the mountains west of the Missouri to a river which runs west-wardly; that these bones abounded there, and that the natives described to him the animal to which they belonged as still existing in the northern parts of their country, from which description he judged it to be an elephant."
     Further, in support of his theory, he gives an Indian tradition of a great monster known as the Big Buffalo, and obtained, he says, from, a Delaware chief by one of the governors of Virginia during the American Revolution. Nothing has seemed more interesting in a study of the carvings on the Lenape Stone than the remarkable similarity between this tradition of the Lenni Lenape or Delawares and the carvings on this relic, discovered in the middle of their ancient territory. The chief, as the account runs, being asked as to the bones at the Big-Bone Licks in Kentucky, says that it was a tradition handed down from his fathers that "in ancient times a herd of these tremendous animals came to the Big-Bone Licks and began a universal destruction of the bear, deer, elks, buffaloes, and other animals which had been created for the use of the Indians. That the Great Man above, looking down and seeing this, was so enraged that he seized his lightning, descended on the earth, seated himself on a neighboring mountain, on a rock on which his seat and the print of his feet are still to be seen, and hurled his bolts among them till the whole were slaughtered except the big bull, who, presenting his forehead to the shafts, shook them off as they fell; but missing one at length, it wounded him in the side, where-on, springing around, he bounded over the Ohio, over the Wabache, the Illinois, and finally over the great lakes, where he is still living at this day."
    David Cusic, the Tuscarora Indian, in his history of the Iroquois, among other instances, speaks of the Big Quisquis, [A word meaning " hog " in modern Iroquois.] a terrible monster who invaded at an early time the Indian settlements by Lake Ontario, and was at length driven back by the warriors from several villages after a severe engagement; and of the Big Elk, another great beast, who invaded the towns with fury and was at length killed in a great fight; and Elias Johnson, the Tuscarora chief, in his "History of the Six Nations," speaks of another monster that appeared at an early period in the history of his people, which they called Oyahguaharb, supposed to be some great mammoth who was furious against men, and destroyed the lives of many Indian hunters, but who was at length killed after a long and severe contest."
Another instance of a terrible monster desolating the country of a certain tribe "with thunder and fire" appears in a collection of Wyandot traditions published by one William Walker, an Indian agent, in 1823; and again the great beast appears in the song tradition of the "Father of Oxen," from Canada, and in a monster tradition from Louisiana, both spoken of by Fabri, a French officer, in a letter to Buffon from America in 1748.
       "The Reliqux Aquitanicae," published by Lartet and Christy, page 60, quotes a letter from British America of Robert Brown to Professor Rupert Jones, which speaks of a tradition common to several widely separated tribes in the Northwest, of lacustrine habitations built by their ancestors; to protect themselves against an animal who ravaged the country a long time ago.
Hardly less remarkable in its description of the animal than any of the others is, perhaps, the Great Elk tradition as mentioned by Charlevoix in his "History of New France."
"There is current among these barbarians," says the author, "a pleasant-enough tradition of a Great Elk, beside whom all others seem like ants. He has, they say, legs so high that eight feet of snow does not embarrass him, his skin is proof against all sorts of weapons, and he has a sort of arm which comes out of his shoulder and which he uses as we do ours."
Whatever we may have previously thought of these legends, their evidence now combined with that of the carving is irresistible. Nothing but the mammoth itself, surviving into comparatively recent times and encountered by the Indians, could suffice to account for the carving, and we can no longer suppose that the size and unusual appearance of the mammoth bones seen by the Indians in Kentucky could alone have originated the traditions.
     


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Kucers The Use of Antibiotic 6th Edition PDF 2012


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Textbook of Pleural Diseases 2nd Edition PDF 2008


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